Phonology

Phonology

I.                 Summary

Phonology is a scientific study about speech sound.

Phonetics is a scientific study about sound feature/segmental feature.

Micro / Minor linguistics :

1.      Structure

2.      Grammar

3.      Phonology

4.      Phonetics

5.      Morphology

6.      Syntax

7.      Semantics

8.      Lexicology

9.      Dyonamics

10.  Syncronamics

Macro/Major linguistics :

1.      Sociolinguistics

2.      Metalinguistics

3.      Appliedlinguistics

4.      Paralinguistics

5.      Pragmanticlinguistics

6.      Psycholinguistics

A.    Phonology studies about :

1.      Segmental features is consist of :

-          26 letters/characters from A-Z

-          21 Consonant

-          5 Vowel

2.      Suprasegmental features

Studies the supporting agents to achieve RIP ( Received International Pronunciation ).

Suprasegmental feature consist of :

a.       Stress                                             k. Aspiration

b.      Intonation                                     l. Nasalization

c.       Length/duration                            m. Monophthongalization

d.      Breath group                                 n. Diphthongelization

e.       Sense group                                   o. Triphthongalization

f.       Assimilation                                  p. Phoneme

g.      Similitude                                      q. Allophone

h.      Elision                                           r. Dissyllabication

i.        Sonority                                        s. Dessyllabication

j.        Glide                                             t. Vibration

3.      Segmental features

Consonant is a sound feature which is expressed by mouth orally with some obstruction but can not be lengthened/durated.

a.       21 Alphabetically

B  C  D  F  G  H  J  K  L  M  N  P  Q  R  S  T  V  W  X  Y  Z

b.      28 Phonetically

c.       8 Points of Articulation (horizontal)

d.      8 Manners of Articulation (vertical)

e.       2 Quality

Clear Consonant ( C+V ) & Dark Consonant ( C+C )

f.       3 Quantity

1)      21 Single Consonant/Monoconsonant

2)      Double Consonant/Dark Consonant/Diagraph

3)      Triple Consonant/Consonant Clusters

g.      3 Position

IMF ( Initial Middle Final )

4.      Vowel

Vowel  is a sound feature which is produced by mouth orally without any obstraction and can be lengthened/durated.

a.       5 Alphabetically

b.      11 Phonetically

c.       Kind of vowel: 9 Cardinal Vowels & 12 Pure Vowels

d.      3 Position (Initial Middle Final )

e.       4 Quality (Open;Close;Half Open;Half Closed)

f.       3 Quantity :

a.       11 Single Vowel (Monophthongs)

b.      12 Double Vowel (Diphthongs)

c.       3 Triple Vowel (Triphthongs)

g.      Diagram (Front Central Back)

B.     STRESS

Stress = Emphasis = Accent

Stress óAccent, emphasis, degree of force, degree of prominence, degree of loudness.

CCI = CCI = ICC                   C = Clear        I = Intensity    C = Contrast

1)      Stress is classified of:

a.       Syllable Stress                   :

o   First Syllable Stress/Primary Stress

‘Mad, ‘Sad, ‘Sit ó’Beautiful, ‘Popular

o   Second Syllable Stress/Secondary Stress

Cle’ver, Stu’pid, Be’gin óBeau’tifully

o   Third Syllable Stress/Tertiary Stress

Commu’nication, Uni’versity

b.      Word Stress:

The 6 stressed words

o   Verb                                        : I study it

o   Noun                                       : The book is mine

o   Adjective                                : He is polite

o   Adverb                                                : He work well

o   Demonstrative Pronounce       : That is mine

o   Interogrative Pronounce         : Who are you ?          

c.       Sentences              :  All word stress

Who teaches that good boy well

2)      Jaxtaposition Stress

Used in/for the compound word.

a)      V-V                 : ‘Study Programme,’Water Plant

b)      N-N                 : ‘Boy Friend, ‘Friend Club, ‘Club Member

c)      Gerund-N        : ‘Living Room, ‘Dinning Room, ‘Waiting List

3)      Antepenultimate Stress

In long syllable Words

Syllables:

3   => Beautiful

4   => Comprehension

5   => International

6   => Colonialism

7   => Colonialization

8   => Colonializational

9   => Colonializationally

10 => Colonializationalism

C.    INTONATION

Melody of speech, pitch of sound, tune, pattern of speech, the up and down of voice. The purpose of intonation is:

To make the sound of the sentence interesting.

Intonation can be classified into 4:

1)      Rising intonation ó Tune I

Rising intonation is used:

o   Question beginning with auxiliary verb

Example: Do you study English ?

o   Uncomplete statement

I study English, go to library and…….

2)      Falling intonation ó Tune II

Falling intonation is used :

o   Command                   : Study well !

o   Enumeration                : 1,2,3,4,5

o   Complete finality        : I study English, go to library then go home.

o   Question word as the beginning the sentence

Example: Who are you?

3)      Level/Flat intonation

Is used in beginning for something

Example: Ladies and gentleman will you give me something because I am hungry.

4)      Wave intonation ó Up and Down intonation

Wave/up and down intonation is used:

o   In dialogue:     A: ↗

B: →

C: ↗

D: →

o   In poetry recitation/declamation

BRITISH ENGLISH VS AMERICAN ENGLISH

                                                                                                                                                                               I.            TERMS

BRITISH ENGLISH                                                            AMERICAN ENGLISH

Taxi cab                                                                       Cab

Way                                                                             Road

Chemist                                                                       Dispensary

Teacher                                                                        Tutor, Instructor

Movie, Picture                                                             Cinema

Writing book                                                               Note book

Duster                                                                         Eraser

Supermarket                                                                Department store

Bookshop                                                                    Bookstore

                                                                                                                                                                      II.            SPELLING

BRITISH ENGLISH                                                            AMERICAN ENGLISH

Theatre                                                                        Theater

Centre, Littre                                                              Center, Litter

Colour, Favour                                                            Color, Favor

Traveler, Travelling                                                     Traveler, Traveling

                                                                                                                                                             III.            INTONATION

BRITISH ENGLISH                                                            AMERICAN ENGLISH

Falling intonation                                                        Rising intonation

( Tune II )       ↘                                                                      ( Tune I )      ↗

                                                                                                                                        IV.            GRAMMAR/STRUCTURE

BRITISH ENGLISH                                                            AMERICAN ENGLISH

I want to study English                                              I wanta study English

I get to know it                                                           Gotta

I am going to study                                                     Gonna

I have not a book                                                        I don’t have a book

    ^{auxiliary verb                                                                                                     full verb}

                                                                                                                                                       V.            PRONUNCIATION

Class ( kla:z )                                                               Class ( klæz )

Answer ( a:ns∂)                                                           Answer ( æns∂)

D.    BREATH GROUP and SENSE GROUP

1)      BREATH GROUP

Breath group is a group of words in a sentence being controlled according to the breath controle/breathing group.

Breath group ó Double bar

2)      SENSE GROUP

Sense group is the act to cut the parts of sentence to get a meaningful group.

Sensible sentence = meaningful sentence

Sense group ó Single bar

E.     ASSIMILATION

Assimilation is the influencing/influenced sound.

Example :

a.       Dumb boy

b.      Bad day

c.       Book key

d.      Calm man

e.       Sweet tea

F.     SIMILITUDE

Similitude is an adjoining sound.

Example :

a.       Ball            (b₁)                  b₁ – b₅  is different sound

b.      Bill            (b₂)

c.       Bull           (b₃)

d.      Bell            (b₄)

G.    ELISION

Elision is the dropping of a sound.

Elision = 12 Elided sound

Example:

a.       B         ó bombing, climbing, combing

b.      C         ó science, scenery

c.       G         ó gwendolen, gnowing

d.      H         ó hour, honest

e.       K         ó know, knock, knowledge

f.       L          ó chalk, walk

g.      P          ó psychology

h.      R         ó start, hard, smart

i.        S          ó island

j.        T          ó often, listen, whistle

k.      W        ó write, wrong

l.        E          ó love

II.            Clear Consonants And Elision

A.    Clear Consonants

However important the vowels are, the consonants are still more important, for on these depend the precise sense and graphic power of what is sung,  and in their delivery rest a great deal of the spirit and verve of a piece.  Notwith standing the reiterated injunctions in elocution books to make the final consonants clear, we still find the same old slipshod way of articulating consonants.

A consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a constriction or closure at one or more points along the vocal tract. The word consonant comes from Latin meaning "sounding with" or "sounding together", the idea being that consonants don't sound on their own, but only occur with a nearby vowel; this conception of consonants, however, does not reflect a modern linguistic understanding, which defines them in terms of vocal tract constrictions..

The word consonant is also used to refer to letters of an alphabet that denote a consonant sound. Consonant letters in the English alphabet are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Z, and sometimes Y –

Consonants and vowels correspond to distinct parts of a syllable: The most sonorous part of the syllable (that is, the part that's easiest to sing), called the syllabic peak or nucleus, is typically a vowel, while the less sonorous margins (called the onset and coda) are typically consonants. Such syllables may be abbreviated CV, V, and CVC, where C stands for consonant and V stands for vowel. This can be argued to be the only pattern found in most of the world's languages, and perhaps the primary pattern in all of them. However, the distinction between consonant and vowel is not always clear cut: there are syllabic consonants and non-syllabic vowels in many of the world's languages.

But ,Clear Consonants Is Combine Between Consonants And Vowel,(CV) ,When a one-syllable word has a single consonant followed by a single Vowel at the end, the final consonant

Example is :

bull	ball	silk	send
sold	bell	bold	lick
mock	peck	bash	hash
posh	bask	path	rank
wink	buck	dunk	such
bus	hock	rock	mush
test	tank	tech	tech

Consonant + Vowel

B.     Elision

Elision is the dropping of a sound which once existed or which still exist in precise paragraph

Elision is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase, producing a result that is easier for the speaker to pronounce. Sometimes, sounds may be elided for euphonic effect.

Elision is normally unintentional, but it may be deliberate. The result may be impressionistically described as "slurred" or "muted."The following are some examples to illustrate elision,(i) it’s clear from derivation that such a word as ‘mouʃn (motion) used to have vowel before the “n” in the second syllable. Some people still sound one, at any rate in precise speaking (‘mouʃən). the common pronunciation therefore shoe elision of the sound ə.

 Such expressions as ‘ tu: ən ‘siks (two and six), weit n ‘ si (weit and see) show elision of “d” of (ə) nd (weak from of and)

Elision is a process where one or more phonemes are ‘dropped’, usually in order to simplify the pronunciation. It may occur for both vowels and consonants, although it is much more common for consonants. Where it occurs for vowels, we have extreme cases of vowel reduction or weakening to the point that the vowel is no longer pronounced at all, such as in words like police, correct or suppose being realised as [pli:s], [kɹɛkt] or [spəʊz]. In rare cases, such as in some realisations of the word perhaps, both consonant and vowel elision may even occur at the same time

As we have alread heard, the dropping of initial <h> is a feature that is very common in many accents of (especially English or English-influenced) English. Unstressed pronouns – as in give her/give him, [gɪvɜ:]/[gɪvɪm] or tell her/tell him, [tɛlɜ:]/[tɛlɪm] –, or forms of the auxiliary have – as in would have, [wʊdəv], should have, [ʃʊdəv], etc. – exihibit h-dropping even in the standard reference accents.

When two or more consonants, often of a similar nature, come together, there is a tendency in English to simplify such a cluster by eliding one of them. The longer the cluster, the more of a chance there is of elision. Cluster reduction can occur in between as well as inside words and mainly involves the deletion of voiceless oral plosives where it would otherwise be more difficult to produce two plosives in a row as this would require two closure phases. If a reduction occurs inside a word, it may also lead to a reduction in the number of syllables, such as in the examples given in the introductory section above, which have become mono-syllabic.

word/combination	no elision	elision
asked	[ɑ:skt]	[ɑ:st]
lecture	[ˈlɛktʃə]	[ˈlɛkʃə]
desktop	[ˈdɛskˌtɒp]	[ˈdɛsˌtɒp]
hard disk	[ˌhɑ:dˈdɪsk]	[ˌhɑ:ˈdɪsk]
kept quiet	[ˌkɛptˈkwaɪət]	[ˌkɛpˈkwaɪət]
kept calling	[ˌkɛptˈko:lɪŋ]	[ˌkɛpˈko:lɪŋ]
kept talking	[ˌkɛptˈto:kɪŋ]	[ˌkɛpˈto:kɪŋ]
at least twice	[əˌtli:stˈtwaɪs]	[əˌtli:sˈtwaɪs]
straight towards	[ˌstɹeɪtˈtʊwo:dz]	[ˌstɹeɪˈtʊwo:dz]
next to	[ˈnɛkstˌtʊ]	[ˈnɛksˌtʊ]
want to	[ˈwɒntˌtʊ]	[ˈwɒnˌtʊ]
seemed not to notice	[ˈsi:mdˌnɒttəˈnəʊtɪs]	[ˈsi:mˌnɒtəˈnəʊtɪs]
for the first time	[fəðəˌfɜ:stˈtaɪm]	[fəðəˌfɜ:sˈtaɪm]